Evidence Law

Evidence Law establishes standards for proving facts in legal proceedings. It covers relevance, hearsay, privilege, witness examination, and burden of proof.

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All Articles in Evidence Law

Facts in Issue
English: The main facts that the parties are disputing and must be proved at trial. Hindi: विवाद्य तथ्य - मुख्य तथ...
Demonstrative Evidence
English: Evidence used to illustrate or explain other evidence, such as diagrams or models. Hindi: प्रदर्शनात्मक साक...
Brady Material
English: Exculpatory evidence that the prosecution must disclose to the defense under constitutional requirements. Hindi: ब्रैडी साम...
Competent Witness
English: A witness who is legally qualified to testify in court. Hindi: सक्षम गवाह - वह गवाह जो कानूनी ...
Rebuttable Presumption
English: A presumption that can be overturned by presenting contrary evidence. Hindi: खंडनीय धारणा - एक धारणा ज...
Secondary Evidence
English: Copies or substitutes of original documents admitted when primary evidence is unavailable. Hindi: द्वितीयक साक्ष्...
State of Mind Exception
English: A hearsay exception allowing statements about a person's mental state at the time. Hindi: मनःस्थिति अपवाद - ...
Past Recollection Recorded
English: A document recording a witness's past memory, admissible when present memory fails. Hindi: अभिलिखित पूर्व स...
Public Records Exception
English: An exception to hearsay allowing public records to be admitted as evidence. Hindi: सार्वजनिक अभिलेख अपव...
Refreshing Memory
English: Allowing a witness to review a document to refresh their recollection before testifying. Hindi: स्मृति पुनः स्फू...
Corroborating Evidence
English: Evidence that supports and strengthens other evidence presented in court. Hindi: पुष्टिकारक साक्ष्य - स...
Chain of Custody
English: The documented process of handling evidence from collection to presentation in court. Hindi: अभिरक्षा श्रृंखल...
Identification Evidence
English: Evidence where a witness identifies the accused as the perpetrator of an offense. Hindi: पहचान साक्ष्य - वह स...
Fingerprint Evidence
English: Fingerprint impressions used for identification, widely accepted as reliable evidence. Hindi: उंगलियों के निशान...
Ballistics Evidence
English: Firearm and ammunition analysis used to link weapons to crimes. Hindi: बैलिस्टिक साक्ष्य - हथियार...
Conclusive Evidence
English: Evidence that is so strong that it compels a particular conclusion. Hindi: अंतिम साक्ष्य - साक्ष्य ज...
Forensic Evidence
English: Scientific evidence obtained through forensic analysis such as DNA, fingerprints, or ballistics. Hindi: फोरेंसिक साक्...
Spousal Privilege
English: The right of a spouse to refuse to testify against their spouse in criminal proceedings. Hindi: वैवाहिक विशेषाध...
Photographic Evidence
English: Photographs admitted as evidence to depict scenes or objects relevant to the case. Hindi: फोटोग्राफिक साक्ष...
Affirmation
English: A non-religious alternative to an oath, promising to tell the truth. Hindi: प्रतिज्ञान - शपथ का एक गै...
Circumstantial Evidence
English: Evidence that proves facts from which the main fact can be inferred. Hindi: परिस्थितिजन्य साक्ष्य - ...
Character Evidence
English: Evidence regarding a person's general character or disposition, subject to limitations. Hindi: चरित्र साक्ष्य ...
Probative Value
English: The degree to which evidence proves a fact or makes it more probable. Hindi: साबित करने का मूल्य - वह ड...
Prejudicial Effect
English: The tendency of evidence to unfairly influence the jury, may result in exclusion. Hindi: पूर्वाग्रहकारी प्र...
Voice Identification
English: Identification of a person through their voice characteristics, admissible with caution. Hindi: आवाज पहचान - किसी ...
Direct Evidence
English: Evidence that proves a fact directly without requiring any inference. Hindi: प्रत्यक्ष साक्ष्य - वह स...
Harmless Error
English: An error in admitting or excluding evidence that does not affect the outcome of the case. Hindi: अहानिकर त्रुटि - ...
Plain Error
English: A clear and obvious error that affects substantial rights, reviewable despite lack of objection. Hindi: स्पष्ट त्रुटि...
Exclusionary Rule
English: The rule that evidence obtained illegally is inadmissible in court. Hindi: बहिष्करण नियम - वह नियम कि...
Public Documents
English: Documents created by public authorities that are admissible as evidence without further proof. Hindi: सार्वजनिक दस्...
Real Evidence
English: Physical objects or material evidence directly connected to the crime or event. Hindi: वस्तुनिष्ठ साक्ष्य -...
Excited Utterance
English: A statement made spontaneously under stress of a startling event, admissible as hearsay exception. Hindi: उत्तेजित उद्...
Corroboration
English: Supporting evidence that confirms or strengthens testimony or other evidence. Hindi: पुष्टि साक्ष्य - वह सह...
Compellable Witness
English: A witness who can be forced by law to testify in court. Hindi: बाध्य गवाह - वह गवाह जिसे कानू...
Expert Opinion
English: Opinion evidence given by a qualified expert in their field of expertise. Hindi: विशेषज्ञ मत - अपने विशे...
Conclusive Presumption
English: A presumption that cannot be contradicted by any evidence. Hindi: अंतिम धारणा - एक धारणा जिसे क...
Leading Case
English: A judicial decision that establishes an important principle of evidence law. Hindi: प्रमुख मामला - एक न्या...
Judicial Notice
English: The court's acceptance of a fact as true without requiring proof because it is well-known or easily verifiable. Hindi: न्याय...
Testimonial Evidence
English: Evidence given by witnesses in court through oral statements under oath. Hindi: गवाही साक्ष्य - शपथ के त...
Relevant Facts
English: Facts that make the existence or non-existence of facts in issue probable. Hindi: प्रासंगिक तथ्य - वे तथ्...
Original Document
English: The primary document itself as opposed to copies or secondary evidence. Hindi: मूल दस्तावेज - प्राथमिक ...
Authentication
English: The process of proving that evidence is what it purports to be. Hindi: प्रमाणीकरण - यह साबित करने ...
Prima Facie Evidence
English: Evidence sufficient to establish a fact unless rebutted by contrary evidence. Hindi: प्रथम दृष्टया साक्ष्...
Cumulative Evidence
English: Additional evidence that supports the same point as previously presented evidence. Hindi: संचयी साक्ष्य - अति...
Present Sense Impression
English: A statement describing an event made while perceiving it, admissible as hearsay exception. Hindi: वर्तमान अनुभूति...
Polygraph Evidence
English: Lie detector test results, generally inadmissible in most courts. Hindi: पॉलीग्राफ साक्ष्य - झूठ पक...
Documentary Evidence
English: Evidence presented in the form of documents, records, or writings. Hindi: दस्तावेजी साक्ष्य - दस्ता...
Business Records Exception
English: An exception to hearsay allowing business records to be admitted as evidence. Hindi: व्यावसायिक अभिलेख अप...
Self-Authenticating Document
English: A document that proves its own authenticity without extrinsic evidence. Hindi: स्व-प्रमाणित दस्तावेज - ...
Similar Fact Evidence
English: Evidence of similar acts by the accused on other occasions, admissible in limited circumstances. Hindi: समान तथ्य साक...
Presumption
English: An inference in favor of a particular fact based on established rules of law. Hindi: धारणा - कानून के स्थाप...
Impeachment of Witness
English: The process of challenging the credibility of a witness. Hindi: गवाह की अविश्वसनीयता सिद्ध क...
Best Evidence Rule
English: The rule requiring the production of original documents when proving their contents. Hindi: सर्वोत्तम साक्ष्य...
Oath
English: A solemn promise to tell the truth, invoking a divine witness, before giving testimony. Hindi: शपथ - गवाही देने स...
Holographic Will
English: A will written entirely in the handwriting of the testator, admissible under special rules. Hindi: स्वलिखित वसीयत -...
Electronic Record
English: Information recorded or stored in electronic form, admissible as documentary evidence. Hindi: इलेक्ट्रॉनिक अभि...
Inculpatory Evidence
English: Evidence that tends to establish guilt or implicate the accused in a crime. Hindi: दोषारोपण साक्ष्य - वह ...
Admissibility
English: The quality of evidence that makes it acceptable to be considered by the court. Hindi: ग्राह्यता - साक्ष्य ...
DNA Evidence
English: Genetic material used as evidence for identification, highly reliable and admissible. Hindi: डीएनए साक्ष्य - पह...
Attorney-Client Privilege
English: The right to refuse disclosure of communications between lawyer and client. Hindi: वकील-ग्राहक विशेषाधि...
Hearsay Exception
English: Circumstances where hearsay evidence is admissible despite its generally excluded nature. Hindi: सुनसुनाई का अपवा...
Judicial Discretion
English: The court's power to make decisions regarding admissibility of evidence based on fairness. Hindi: न्यायिक विवेक ...
Habit Evidence
English: Evidence of a person's routine behavior, admissible to show conduct on a specific occasion. Hindi: आदत साक्ष्य - क...
Offer of Proof
English: A presentation of evidence outside the jury's presence to preserve the record for appeal. Hindi: साक्ष्य का प्र...
Balancing Test
English: The court's weighing of probative value against prejudicial effect to determine admissibility. Hindi: संतुलन परीक्...
Inevitable Discovery
English: An exception allowing evidence that would have been discovered legally anyway. Hindi: अपरिहार्य खोज - एक अप...
Duplicate
English: A copy of an original document, admissible under the best evidence rule. Hindi: प्रतिलिपि - मूल दस्तावे...
Primary Evidence
English: The original document or best evidence that the law requires to prove a fact. Hindi: प्राथमिक साक्ष्य - मू...
Private Documents
English: Documents created by private individuals requiring proof of authenticity to be admissible. Hindi: निजी दस्तावेज - न...
Digital Evidence
English: Evidence stored in digital form, including emails, documents, and computer records. Hindi: डिजिटल साक्ष्य - डि...
Res Gestae
English: Statements made spontaneously during the occurrence of an event, admissible as evidence. Hindi: रेस जेस्टी - किसी ...
Self-Incrimination
English: The act of implicating oneself in a crime; protected by the right against self-incrimination. Hindi: आत्म-दोषारोपण - ...
Video Evidence
English: Video recordings admitted as evidence, subject to authentication requirements. Hindi: वीडियो साक्ष्य - साक्...
Privileged Communication
English: Confidential communications protected from disclosure in court, such as attorney-client privilege. Hindi: विशेषाधिकृत ...
Relevance
English: The logical connection between evidence and the fact it is offered to prove. Hindi: प्रासंगिकता - साक्ष्य...
Good Faith Exception
English: An exception allowing illegally obtained evidence if officers acted in good faith. Hindi: सद्भावना अपवाद - एक ...
Oral Evidence
English: Testimony given verbally by witnesses in court. Hindi: मौखिक साक्ष्य - अदालत में गवाहों ...
Admission
English: A statement by a party to litigation that is adverse to their case, admissible as evidence. Hindi: स्वीकारोक्ति - व...
Audio Evidence
English: Sound recordings admitted as evidence, subject to authentication and hearsay rules. Hindi: ऑडियो साक्ष्य - साक...
Weight of Evidence
English: The degree of persuasiveness or credibility of evidence in the court's consideration. Hindi: साक्ष्य का भार - ...
Dying Declaration
English: A statement made by a person about the cause of their death, admissible as evidence. Hindi: मरणासन्न कथन - किसी...